The downside to lymphocytes

The downside to lymphocytes

A trip down the vaginal tract teaches the intestinal cells of newborn mice to ignore their germy cohabitants, according to Lotz and colleagues on page 973. Gut cells calmly cohabitate with millions of intestinal bacteria. To avoid constant inflammation, these cells must learn to ignore or tolerate the immune-activating structures (such as lipopoly-saccharide, or LPS) that protrude from the surf...

The Downside of Defaults

The Downside of Deadlines

Deadlines are ubiquitous institutions in government decision making, constraining both agencies and courts. Yet these institutions are almost entirely ignored in formal models in institutional political science. We analyze deadlines as exogenously imposed institutions upon a government decision maker, as a means of elected officials exercising control over the the duration of administrative dec...

The downside of transformational leadershipwhen encouraging followers to network☆

Handling Editor: Shelly Dionne Network scholars argue that one responsibility of leaders is to help their followers develop social capital.We suggest that oneway leaders do this is by encouraging followers to engage in networking behavior. However, we argue that such encouragement is more effective when leaders are seen as less transformational, because followers are then less able to benefit f...

The downside of open-access publishing.

permit but to encourage, such as translation into other languages. Creative Commons is an organization that has responded by producing a suite of six copyright licenses that offer standardized terms of sharing to permit a range of uses beyond fair use, subject to certain conditions.3 The four conditions are combined into six permutations reflecting the types of copyright restrictions that peopl...